Top 10 must-see historical sites in Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, a land where ancient civilizations and modern marvels coexist, offers a wealth of historical and cultural treasures. As the Kingdom opens its doors to global visitors, its historical landmarks are increasingly drawing attention, especially among high-end travellers seeking unique experiences. From awe-inspiring Nabatean ruins to ancient trade routes, Saudi Arabia offers an unparalleled journey through time. In this section, SAFE presents a comprehensive guide to the top 10 must-see historical sites in Saudi Arabia…

IN THE NORTHWESTERN REGION:

1. AlUla and Hegra (Mada’in Salih)

AlUla, located in the north-west of Saudi Arabia, is one of the country’s most breathtaking historical and cultural treasures. It tops our list of the top 10 must-see historical sites in Saudi Arabia…

With over 7,000 years of human history, this area has been a cultural and trade crossroads, home to a succession of civilisations that have left their mark on the landscape. Positioned strategically on the ancient Incense Route, which connected southern Arabia with the Mediterranean, Egypt, and Mesopotamia, AlUla played a pivotal role in trade, religion, and cultural exchange in the ancient world.

The Nabatean Kingdom and Hegra

The crown jewel of AlUla is Hegra, also known as Mada’in Salih, which became Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008. Hegra was once a thriving city of the Nabatean Kingdom, a powerful Arab civilisation that dominated large parts of the Arabian Peninsula, particularly in the first century CE. The Nabateans, who are best known for their capital at Petra (in modern Jordan), established Hegra as a vital trading city, leveraging its strategic location to control trade routes for spices, incense, and textiles.

Hegra is home to over 100 monumental rock-cut tombs, carved into the region’s sandstone cliffs. These tombs, dating back to the first century CE, feature intricate facades and inscriptions, serving as a testimony to the Nabatean’s architectural skill and their ability to adapt the environment to their needs. The tombs provide insight into Nabatean burial practices and religious beliefs, with elaborate decorations that include symbols and gods that reflect the Nabatean’s mix of Arabian and Greco-Roman influences.

A meeting point for civilisations

AlUla’s history stretches back far beyond the Nabateans. Archaeological evidence points to its role as a settlement as early as the Bronze Age, with successive civilisations making use of its strategic location. The Dedanites and Lihyanites, earlier North Arabian kingdoms, also occupied the region before the Nabateans, leaving behind important cultural and religious artefacts. The Dedanites ruled the city of Dedan (modern-day AlUla) and established a kingdom that spanned much of the surrounding region. Their influence is visible in the numerous inscriptions found in the area, many of which are carved into the sandstone mountains that define AlUla’s landscape.

Later, the region came under the influence of the Roman Empire after their conquest of the Nabateans in the second century CE, further solidifying AlUla’s place as a crossroads of global cultures and empires.

AlUla is a rich archaeological site beyond Hegra. The region is home to Jabal Ikmah, often referred to as an “open-air library,” featuring thousands of inscriptions in different ancient languages, including Nabatean, Aramaic, and South Arabian. These inscriptions provide invaluable insights into the social, political, and religious life of the various peoples who lived in and passed through the area. The writing on these rocks documents the customs, laws, and daily activities of AlUla’s ancient inhabitants.

Additionally, AlUla contains remnants of ancient water management systems, vital for sustaining life in the harsh desert climate. The Nabateans, in particular, were skilled in hydraulic engineering, constructing advanced irrigation systems that allowed them to cultivate the land and sustain their population.

While AlUla is primarily known for its pre-Islamic history, it also played an important role during the early Islamic period. The region continued to serve as a key stop for pilgrims travelling to Mecca and Medina. Over time, it remained a vital oasis in the desert, connecting Arabia to surrounding empires and facilitating the spread of trade and culture in the early Islamic world.

AlUla today

In recent years, the Saudi government has heavily invested in the preservation and promotion of AlUla’s historical sites. With the AlUla Vision initiative, the region is being transformed into a global cultural and heritage destination, offering visitors an opportunity to explore its deep history through immersive tours and educational experiences. The Royal Commission for AlUla has overseen large-scale excavation and restoration projects to preserve the area’s archaeological and cultural heritage for future generations.

Must-see historical experiences:

• Hegra: Explore the rock-cut tombs of the Nabatean elite and learn about the city’s role in the Incense Route.
• Jabal Ikmah: Study the thousands of ancient inscriptions, offering a glimpse into life and law in the region’s ancient past.
• Dedan: Visit the site of this ancient kingdom, which pre-dated the Nabateans, and explore its archaeological ruins and statues.

Geographic note: The Prince Abdul Majeed bin Abdulaziz Domestic Airport is a 30-minute drive from the city of AlUla, with regular flights from major hubs such as Jeddah and Riyadh.

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2. Tayma

Second on our top 10 must-see historical sites in Saudi Arabia is Tayma, located around 260 kilometres southeast of Tabuk and 400 kilometres from Medina, is one of Saudi Arabia’s oldest inhabited oases, with a history stretching back to the Bronze Age.

Known for its ancient walls and extensive archaeological remains, Tayma was an important stop on caravan routes connecting Arabia to the Mediterranean and Mesopotamia. The town has long been associated with various ancient civilisations, including the Babylonians and Egyptians, making it a key archaeological site.

One of Tayma’s most famous artefacts, the Tayma Stone, was discovered here and is now housed in the Louvre Museum. This artefact contains one of the earliest inscriptions in Aramaic, highlighting the town’s role as a meeting point between different cultures and languages. Visitors to Tayma can explore the remnants of its ancient walls, wells, and palaces, all of which offer a glimpse into the vibrant history of this desert oasis.

Geographic note: Tayma is accessible by road from Tabuk, with the nearest airport being Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz Airport in Tabuk.

Must-see experiences: Visit the Tayma Museum, explore the Bir Haddaj well, and walk along the ancient walls that protected this historic oasis from invaders.

IN THE CENTRAL REGION:

3. Diriyah – the birthplace of Saudi Arabia

Located just 20 kilometres northwest of Riyadh, Diriyah is a historical gem, often referred to as the “cradle of the Kingdom.” It was established in the 15th century as a small oasis on the banks of Wadi Hanifah, but it rose to prominence in the 18th century when it became the capital of the First Saudi State.

Diriyah is historically significant as the birthplace of the House of Saud and the Islamic reform movement that shaped modern Saudi Arabia.

The rise of the First Saudi State

In the mid-18th century, Imam Muhammad bin Saud, the founder of the First Saudi State, allied with the influential Islamic reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This alliance transformed Diriyah into both the political and religious centre of the growing Saudi power, as the House of Saud sought to unify the Arabian Peninsula under their rule and the tenets of Wahhabism. During this time, Diriyah flourished as a hub of politics, religion, and commerce, becoming the focal point of the Saudi leadership’s efforts to establish a unified Arab state.

Diriyah thus became a symbol of Saudi heritage and identity, with its At-Turaif District serving as the centre of the political and military activities of the early Saudi leadership.

At-Turaif district: a UNESCO World Heritage Site

The At-Turaif District, which served as the royal quarter, is the most prominent part of Diriyah and was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010 due to its cultural and historical importance. The district showcases traditional Najdi architecture, characterised by its mud-brick palaces, fortresses, and mosques. This architectural style is unique to central Arabia and is distinguished by its thick, insulating walls, minimal windows to keep the interiors cool, and distinctive geometric patterns.

One of the most significant structures in At-Turaif is the Salwa Palace, the former residence of the Al Saud family, which stands as a symbol of the power and influence the family wielded during the 18th and 19th centuries. The palace, along with other buildings in the district, has been meticulously restored, offering visitors a glimpse into the grandeur of the early Saudi state.

The fall of Diriyah and its restoration

Diriyah’s prominence ended abruptly in 1818 when it was destroyed by Ottoman forces after a long and bitter conflict. The city was left in ruins, and its role as capital was eventually transferred to Riyadh, which later became the capital of the modern Saudi state.

However, in recent years, Diriyah has undergone extensive restoration as part of the Saudi government’s efforts to preserve and promote the Kingdom’s historical and cultural heritage. The restoration of At-Turaif has transformed it into a cultural destination, offering visitors the chance to walk through history and experience the traditional architecture and urban planning of the early Saudi state.

Today, the restored At-Turaif District offers a range of experiences for visitors, including interactive exhibits, museum spaces, and live performances that bring the history of Diriyah to life. The Diriyah Museum, located within the district, provides a comprehensive overview of the region’s history, including its role in the birth of the Saudi state.

Key highlights of Diriyah:

• At-Turaif District: The historic heart of Diriyah, with mud-brick palaces and mosques reflecting traditional Najdi architecture.
• Salwa Palace: The residence of the first Saudi royal family, now a key site for understanding the early state.
• Diriyah Museum: A cultural institution offering insights into the history of the region and the formation of the Saudi state.

Geographic note: Diriyah is conveniently located just a short drive from Riyadh and is easily accessible from the city’s main attractions.

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4. Ushaiqer Heritage Village

Ushaiqer Heritage Village is located approximately 200 kilometres northwest of Riyadh, in the heart of Najd.

The village, nestled at the edge of the Al-Tuwaiq mountain range, is one of the oldest settlements in the Arabian Peninsula, dating back over 1,500 years. Ushaiqer was historically a significant stop for pilgrims travelling from the east to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina. Its rich history is reflected in the well-preserved mud-brick houses, narrow alleys, and shaded courtyards that offer visitors a glimpse into traditional Najdi architecture and way of life.

The village is renowned for its stunningly restored heritage homes, old mosques, and bustling souqs (markets), where travellers can witness the ancient crafts and traditional goods that were once central to local life. Ushaiqer is also famous for its hospitality, as the village traditionally welcomed pilgrims with rest stops and refreshment.

Today, Ushaiqer Heritage Village functions as an open-air museum, where visitors can explore various historical exhibits, including ancient artefacts and displays on traditional life in Najd. The village’s winding streets are a testament to the ingenuity of its builders, designed to provide shade and cool air even in the harsh desert climate.

Geographic Note: Ushaiqer Heritage Village is easily accessible by road from Riyadh, making it an ideal destination for a day trip. It lies near the Shaqra area, a region also known for its historical significance.

Must-See Experiences: Visitors can tour the Al-Sudairy Heritage House, an impeccably restored mansion that showcases traditional Najdi architecture, visit ancient mosques such as Al-Qassar Mosque, and take part in local cultural activities like traditional bread-making or handicrafts workshops.

5. Masmak Fortress: A Symbol of Saudi Unification

The Masmak Fortress, located in the heart of Riyadh, is one of the most historically significant landmarks in Saudi Arabia. Built in the mid-19th century, this fortress is a striking example of traditional Nadji architecture, made from mud bricks and clay, which provided natural insulation from the harsh desert climate. The fortress, with its thick walls and four prominent watchtowers, served as a stronghold during the volatile political landscape of the Arabian Peninsula in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The role of Masmak in Saudi unification

The fortress’s place in Saudi history was cemented in 1902, when King Abdulaziz Al Saud, the founder of modern Saudi Arabia, famously led a daring raid to capture the stronghold from the Rashidi forces. This victory marked the beginning of the unification of the various tribal regions of the Arabian Peninsula under the leadership of King Abdulaziz, eventually leading to the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. The successful capture of Masmak is considered a turning point in Saudi history, symbolising King Abdulaziz’s determination and strategic brilliance.

Masmak Fortress is an outstanding example of Nadji fort architecture, designed for defense in the desert environment. The walls, made of mud and brick, are supported by massive pillars and are reinforced with thick gates to withstand attacks. The fortress features four tall watchtowers, a large courtyard, and various rooms, including the Diwan, the sitting room with traditional seats and open-air vents. The imposing wooden door of the fortress still bears the mark of the battle — a spearhead that is embedded in it, serving as a vivid reminder of the events of 1902.

The Masmak Museum

In recent years, Masmak Fortress has been meticulously restored and transformed into a museum, allowing visitors to explore its historical significance. The museum houses an impressive collection of artefacts, photographs, maps, and displays that tell the story of the Kingdom’s unification. Visitors can see traditional weaponry, including swords, rifles, and spears, as well as documents and other objects from the early 20th century that chronicle King Abdulaziz’s military campaigns. The museum also features multimedia exhibits, providing interactive and engaging narratives of Riyadh’s transformation from a small oasis town to the capital of a unified nation.

Geographic note

Masmak Fortress is situated in Riyadh’s old quarter, known as Al-Batha, and is just a few kilometres from the city’s main commercial districts. Its central location makes it easily accessible for visitors, and it is often included as part of historical and cultural tours of Riyadh.

Must-see experiences:

• Exploring the fortress: Wander through the historic rooms, the courtyard, and the watchtowers that once served as defensive points.
• Museum Exhibits: View artifacts from the unification period, including traditional weaponry and photographs of King Abdulaziz’s early campaigns.
• Cultural Displays: Learn about Nadji architecture, traditional Saudi clothing, and the customs of the early 20th century.
• Interactive Installations: Engage with multimedia exhibits that recount the dramatic raid led by King Abdulaziz and the eventual rise of the Saudi state.

IN THE WESTERN REGION:

6. Jeddah Historical District (Al-Balad)

Located in the bustling coastal city of Jeddah, Al-Balad is a UNESCO-listed historical district that dates back to the 7th century. Founded in the 7th century, Al Balad served as a major commercial hub and the principal gateway for pilgrims travelling to Mecca by sea. Over the centuries, Al Balad has evolved into a vibrant urban area, while retaining much of its original architecture and charm. In 2014, it was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site due to its rich historical and cultural heritage.

Key features of Al Balad:

Historic Coral-Stone Houses: One of the most distinctive features of Al Balad is its traditional Hijazi architecture, with buildings constructed from coral stone and featuring intricately carved wooden balconies called rawasheen. These houses, some of which date back hundreds of years, were designed to cope with the region’s hot climate, using materials that allowed for ventilation and cooling.

Notable landmarks:

• Naseef House: Perhaps the most famous of Al Balad’s buildings, Naseef House was once the residence of a powerful merchant family. Built in the 19th century, it is notable for its grand size and the winding staircase designed to allow camels to deliver goods to the upper floors. The house is now a museum that provides a glimpse into Jeddah’s rich history and culture.
• Al Shafei Mosque: Al Shafei Mosque is one of the oldest mosques in Jeddah, dating back to the 7th century. It has undergone several renovations over the years, but it remains a prominent religious landmark in Al Balad.
• Bab Makkah: This iconic gate once marked the beginning of the pilgrimage route to Mecca and remains a significant symbol of the district’s role in serving pilgrims.

Souqs and markets: Al Balad is home to a number of traditional markets or souqs, where locals and visitors can explore and shop for traditional goods, textiles, spices, and perfumes. The Al Alawi Souq, in particular, is famous for its bustling atmosphere and its selection of traditional crafts and souvenirs.

Restoration and conservation efforts: In recent years, the Saudi government has taken significant steps to preserve and restore Al Balad’s historic structures. As part of the Vision 2030 initiative, Al Balad is undergoing extensive revitalisation to enhance its appeal to tourists, with a focus on maintaining the authenticity of the buildings while modernising the area for visitors.

Cultural significance: Al Balad’s location on the Red Sea made it a cultural melting pot, where traders and pilgrims from across the Arab world, Africa, and Asia would meet. This rich cultural exchange has left a lasting influence on the area’s architecture, cuisine, and way of life, contributing to Jeddah’s reputation as a cosmopolitan city.

Experiences for visitors:

Walking tours: Visitors can take guided walking tours through Al Balad’s narrow alleyways, exploring its ancient homes, mosques, and markets while learning about the district’s history and the families who lived there.

Cultural festivals: Al Balad hosts several cultural festivals throughout the year, showcasing traditional music, dance, and food, offering a unique opportunity to experience Jeddah’s cultural heritage.

UNESCO Recognition:

Al Balad was recognised by UNESCO for its unique combination of urban heritage and traditional architectural styles, which reflect the historical role Jeddah played as a major Red Sea port and a gateway for pilgrims. The listing also highlights the area’s well-preserved coral-stone houses and its importance in the development of the Hijazi culture.

Why not tour Al Balad with Saudi Arabia’s #1 tour guide: Samir Komosani?

Samir, elected Saudi Arabia’s top tour guide, has extensive experience in heritage preservation and guiding tours throughout the Kingdom.

He has played a key role in promoting Saudi Arabia’s historical sites, including Al Balad, by implementing over 362 courses for tour guides and overseeing 2,300 VIP tours across various regions.

His efforts have earned recognition from both local and international bodies, including a letter of appreciation from UN Tourism’s Secretary General.

Samir has also guided tours for celebrities like Lionel Messi and Prince Charles, showcasing his commitment to elevating Saudi Arabia’s historical and cultural tourism. (Please don’t hesitate to contact us at SAFE and we will introduce you to him).

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Geographic note: Al-Balad is located around 25 kilometres from King Abdulaziz International Airport, making it an easily accessible destination for international travellers.

Must-see experiences: Wander through the vibrant souqs, visit the Al-Shafei Mosque, and admire the traditional coral houses that reflect centuries of urban culture in the Arabian Peninsula.

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IN THE SOUTHERN REGION:

7. Najran: ancient crossroads of trade and history

Located in the far south of Saudi Arabia, Najran has long been a key stop on the ancient incense and spice trade routes that once connected Arabia to the Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, and beyond. Its strategic position along these bustling trade corridors made it a thriving centre of commerce, culture, and interaction between civilisations.

The region’s rich history is reflected in its distinctive mud-brick architecture, which has been carefully preserved in its old town, featuring traditional fortresses and houses that showcase the resilience of the local building techniques over centuries.

Bi’r Hima: a UNESCO World Heritage site

Bi’r Hima, a site located approximately 30 kilometres northeast of Najran, is one of KSA’s most famed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Historically renowned for its wells, which were vital for sustaining life and facilitating trade in this arid region, Bi’r Hima also holds a treasure trove of ancient rock art and petroglyphs that tell the story of its past.

Bi’r Hima lies at the crossroads of wadis (valleys) and jebels (mountains), providing natural paths for the nomads and traders who once traversed this landscape. It is characterised by its extensive collection of petroglyphs, which include intricate and detailed panels that span thousands of years. These rock carvings are a testament to the successive populations that lived in and passed through the region, offering a vivid glimpse into their lives, beliefs, and interactions with the natural environment.

Petroglyphs and historical significance

The petroglyphs of Bi’r Hima are remarkable for their complexity and diversity. These engravings are primarily known for depicting battle scenes, with vivid imagery of cavalry and infantry armed with various weapons such as swords, spears, and bows. These carvings illustrate the region’s martial history, reflecting the conflicts and power struggles that were common in ancient Arabia. The battle scenes provide insight into the tactics and technologies of warfare used by the early peoples of the region.

In addition to martial depictions, the petroglyphs also showcase a rich variety of animals, including ostriches, domestic cattle, camels, and representations of date palms. These carvings highlight the deep interaction between the people of Bi’r Hima and their environment, underscoring the importance of livestock and agriculture in sustaining the region’s population and supporting its role as a crucial hub along ancient trade routes.

Notably, some carvings in Bi’r Hima depict oversized human figures, which are believed to represent figures of significance or power within ancient societies. Additionally, the presence of deities such as the Alliah or Al-Lat goddesses, often found alongside the battle scenes, points to the spiritual dimension of the region’s history.

These carvings suggest that religious and spiritual practices were closely intertwined with the socio-political life of the people, and they also reflect the influences of the larger Arabian pantheon before the spread of Islam.

Al-Ukhdood archaeological site and Najran’s historical legacy

The Al-Ukhdood Archaeological Site, located within Najran, is another must-visit destination for history enthusiasts. This site is believed to be the location of the ancient city of Al-Ukhdood, which dates back over 2,000 years. Al-Ukhdood was an important city during the Himyarite Kingdom, and its ruins include massive stone walls, engravings, and artefacts that offer a glimpse into the advanced civilisation that once flourished here. The city is also mentioned in the Qur’an, where it is referred to in the story of the “People of the Trench.”

Today, visitors can explore the remnants of Al-Ukhdood’s fortifications, view its ancient carvings, and learn about the site’s significance as a hub of trade and religion in ancient Arabia.

Geographic note

Najran is easily accessible via the Najran Domestic Airport, with regular flights connecting the region to major cities such as Riyadh and Jeddah. Its location near the Yemeni border also highlights its role as a cultural and commercial crossroads, reflecting the region’s history of interaction with neighbouring civilisations.

Must-see experiences

• Bi’r Hima Petroglyphs: Explore the ancient rock carvings that depict battle scenes, animals, and religious figures, providing insight into the martial and spiritual life of ancient Arabia.
• Al-Ukhdood Archaeological Site: Walk among the ruins of an ancient city that was once a key centre of trade and culture in the region, and view the artefacts that tell the story of its people.
• Mud-Brick Architecture: Visit the Old Town of Najran, where traditional fortresses and houses have been preserved, showcasing the ancient building techniques that have withstood the test of time.

Najran and Bi’r Hima stand as testaments to Saudi Arabia’s ancient history, offering a rich tapestry of archaeological and cultural treasures that highlight the region’s importance as a hub of trade, religion, and civilisation for thousands of years.

8. Qaryat al-Faw (Empty Quarter)

Qaryat al-Faw, often referred to as the “Atlantis of the Sands,” is a UNESCO listed site located at the southern edge of the Rub’ al Khali desert, near the town of Wadi ad-Dawasir. It was in the latest (and eighth) such site to be listed by UNESCO in the Kingdom.

The Cultural Landscape of Al-Faw Archaeological Area is a significant historical site located at the junction of the Empty Quarter Desert and the Wajid sandstone outcrops in southern Saudi Arabia. It was an important settlement on the Arabian Peninsula’s ancient trade routes, thriving until its abandonment in the 5th century CE. Archaeological discoveries at the site include nearly 12,000 remains, ranging from the Palaeolithic and Neolithic eras to the Late Pre-Islamic period, highlighting how successive populations adapted to changing environmental conditions.

Archaeological excavations have uncovered well-preserved ruins, including residential buildings, a marketplace, and water channels, making it one of the best-preserved examples of pre-Islamic urban planning in Saudi Arabia.

Key features of the site include prehistoric tools, rock carvings, and numerous funerary tumuli and cairns. The sacred mountain Khashm Qaryah contains important rock inscriptions, while remnants of Qaryat al-Faw, an ancient caravan city, reveal an advanced irrigation system that supported the oasis economy. Qaryat al-Faw served as a key trading hub between Najran and central/eastern Arabia and was the capital of the Kingdom of Kinda, a federation of desert tribes.

The site reflects an interchange of cultures and values, with evidence of connections to regions such as Mesopotamia, the Red Sea, and the Mediterranean, visible through the diversity of inscriptions and artefacts found in the area. The cultural landscape provides an outstanding example of traditional settlement and adaptation, illustrating the impact of climate change on human habitation and land use.

Preservation: Despite its abandonment in the 5th century, the archaeological remains have been well-preserved due to the harsh desert environment. The site is protected under Saudi law, with management efforts coordinated between cultural and wildlife conservation agencies.

This historical site serves as a valuable record of ancient human interaction with the environment and other civilisations through trade, religion, and military activities.

Geographic note: The Al-Faw Archaeological Area is located in southern Saudi Arabia, near the southern edge of the Riyadh Region, close to the border with the Najran Region. Its location at the intersection of the Rub’ al Khali (Empty Quarter) desert and the Tuwaiq escarpment places it geographically within the southern part of the Kingdom. Although administratively it falls within the Riyadh Region, it is closer to the southern part of the country due to its proximity to the Najran area and the Empty Quarter desert.

Must-See Experiences: Explore the sophisticated irrigation systems, the ancient ruins, and the artefacts that reveal the daily life of this once-thriving desert city.

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IN THE NORTHERN REGION:

9. Hail region: a window into prehistoric life

The Hail Region, located in northern-central Saudi Arabia, is globally renowned for its prehistoric rock art, which has been recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site due to its extraordinary cultural significance. The region’s two main rock art sites, Jubbah and Shuwaymis, are home to some of the most important and well-preserved petroglyphs in the world, offering a glimpse into the lives of ancient peoples who inhabited the Arabian Peninsula more than 10,000 years ago.

Jubbah and Shuwaymis: ancient rock art treasures

The rock carvings at Jubbah and Shuwaymis feature a vast array of depictions, including scenes of daily life, human figures, and animals that were once prevalent in the region’s prehistoric environment. The petroglyphs illustrate the lives of ancient hunter-gatherers, showing animals such as lions, camels, ibex, and ostriches, which roamed the Arabian Peninsula when it was a greener, more fertile landscape. These scenes reflect a time when the region had a wetter climate, and the survival of early human communities depended on their ability to adapt to the changing environment.

The carvings at Jubbah, which were created along the ancient shoreline of a now-dry lake, include not only animal depictions but also symbolic and ritualistic motifs, indicating that the site may have held spiritual or cultural significance for the ancient peoples who lived there. Similarly, the rock art in Shuwaymis, located south of Hail, contains a series of petroglyphs depicting hunting scenes and large human figures, suggesting the prominence of both daily activities and spiritual practices in their society.

These carvings offer a rare insight into the beliefs and practices of early humans, revealing their social structure, spirituality, and their relationship with the environment. The presence of weapons, tools, and ceremonial figures suggests that these sites were not only places of artistic expression but also held important roles in rituals and possibly even governance.

Cultural and historical importance

The Hail Region’s rock art is significant not only for its artistic beauty but also for what it tells us about early human civilisations on the Arabian Peninsula. The carvings provide evidence of long-term human occupation, showing how ancient populations evolved and adapted to the region’s changing climate over millennia. The art captures the transition from a hunter-gatherer society to a more settled existence, where agriculture and the domestication of animals began to shape daily life.

The UNESCO designation of the Jubbah and Shuwaymis rock art sites underscores their importance as a cultural bridge between prehistoric Arabia and modern times. The Hail Region stands as a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of ancient communities, offering archaeologists and historians a valuable resource for understanding the development of early human societies.

Preservation and accessibility

Despite their remote desert locations, the rock art sites of Jubbah and Shuwaymis have been carefully preserved, allowing modern visitors to experience these ancient works up close. The Saudi government has worked alongside UNESCO to protect these sites, ensuring that the carvings are safeguarded against natural erosion and human interference. In recent years, access to these areas has improved, with guided tours allowing visitors to explore the carvings while learning about the significance of the art and the people who created it.

Geographic note

The Hail Region is approximately 600 kilometres from Riyadh and can be reached via Hail Regional Airport, which offers direct flights from several major cities in Saudi Arabia. The rock art sites are located in remote desert areas, making them ideal for adventurous travellers looking to connect with Saudi Arabia’s ancient past.

Must-see experiences:

• Guided Tours: Explore the petroglyphs with expert guides who can provide context and history behind the carvings.
• Jubbah: Wander through this ancient lakebed site, where carvings of humans and animals illustrate life in prehistoric Arabia.
• Shuwaymis: Discover the stunning depictions of hunting scenes and oversized human figures carved into the desert rock formations.

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The Hail Region’s UNESCO-listed rock art is a powerful reminder of the deep historical roots of the Arabian Peninsula and the artistic and cultural achievements of its early inhabitants. Through the intricate carvings at Jubbah and Shuwaymis, visitors can journey back in time to experience the lives, beliefs, and landscapes of a vanished world.

IN THE EASTERN REGION:

10. Al Ahsa Oasis

Al Ahsa Oasis, located in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the largest and most historically significant oases in the world.

Officially listed in 2018, Al Ahsa has been a hub of human settlement for over 5,000 years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the Arabian Peninsula. The oasis spans over 30,000 acres and is home to more than 2.5 million date palms, showcasing its role as an agricultural marvel and a centre for trade, culture, and settlement over millennia.

Historically, Al Ahsa served as a key link along ancient trade routes, connecting Arabia to Mesopotamia, India, and the broader world. The region’s ingenious qanat (underground aqueduct) system has provided vital irrigation to its extensive date palm groves, sustaining agriculture in the harsh desert environment for thousands of years. This ancient water management system remains a defining feature of Al Ahsa’s landscape and an enduring testament to human ingenuity.

Al Ahsa also boasts a wealth of cultural and historical landmarks. Notable sites include the Jawatha Mosque, believed to be one of the earliest mosques in Islam, and Al-Qarah Mountain, a natural wonder famous for its labyrinthine caves and stunning views of the surrounding oasis. The lively Al-Ahsa Souq (market) offers visitors a chance to immerse themselves in the local culture, with stalls selling traditional goods, spices, and the world-famous Al Ahsa dates.

Ibrahim Palace (pictured above), one of the most iconic landmarks in Al Ahsa, is a must-visit for history enthusiasts. This imposing fortress, built in 1556 during the Ottoman era, served as a military garrison and a residence for the local governor. The palace’s architectural design reflects a blend of Islamic and military styles, with massive walls, courtyards, and beautifully arched doorways. The palace’s most notable feature is the grand mosque within its walls, distinguished by its large domes and striking minaret. Visitors to Ibrahim Palace can explore its impressive halls, courtyards, and the mosque, learning about the region’s history under Ottoman rule and its role as a strategic outpost.

Geographic Note: Al Ahsa is located about 60 kilometres inland from the Arabian Gulf and is easily accessible by road or train from Dammam and Riyadh. The region is served by Al-Ahsa International Airport, which offers domestic and some international flights.

Must-See Experiences: Explore the beautifully restored Ibrahim Palace, hike through the unique caves of Al-Qarah Mountain, visit the ancient Jawatha Mosque, and experience the traditional atmosphere of the Al-Ahsa Souq. Don’t miss the chance to stroll through the vast palm groves, where you can witness traditional agriculture in action and sample the region’s renowned dates.

The time is now…

From the ancient cities of the Nabateans to the ruins of desert oases, Saudi Arabia’s historical sites provide a remarkable insight into the Kingdom’s rich and diverse history. Each location offers a unique story and a glimpse into a civilisation that has shaped the Arabian Peninsula for millennia.

For high-end travellers seeking authentic cultural experiences, these top 10 must-see historical sites in Saudi Arabia are truly not-to-be missed places, where visitors are able to combine luxury with historical discovery. Now is the perfect time to explore these extraordinary locations, as Saudi Arabia continues to welcome the world into its hidden treasures.